Learning to tolerate ourselves

Learning to tolerate ourselves

2 JEM Vol. 206, No. 1, 2009 Learning to tolerate ourselves On age 139, Duty et al. find self-reactive B cells in healthy adults that might harm their own body if given the chance. Checkpoints during B cell development ensure that immune cells won’t confuse the self for an intruder. At birth, many B cells express self-reactive receptors. Most of the...

Exposing ourselves to art.

Background: Apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) stands as one of the largest proteins in humans. Its large size of 4536 amino acids hampers the production of X-ray diffraction quality crystals and hinders in-solution NMR analysis, and thus necessitates a domain-based approach for the structural characterization of the multi-domain full-length apo B. Results: The structure of apo B-17 (the N-termin...

Ourselves

Irradiating Ourselves

Background: Efficient incorporation of the cellular cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (APO3G) into HIV-1 virions is necessary for its antiviral activity. Even though cellular RNAs are known to be nonspecifically incorporated into virus particles, we have previously found that encapsidation of APO3G into HIV-1 virions is specifically enhanced by viral genomic RNA. Intracellularly, APO3G was found to f...

Mechanisms to Tolerate Misbehavior in Replicated Systems

Mechanisms to Tolerate Misbehavior in Replicated Systems